If the Americans abandoned the forts before he signed, that would be an observable fact — a physical reality that he could verify with his own eyes.

It would also be a precedent: the Americans had actually done what they said, had actually paid the price they had agreed to pay.

That would be a different foundation for a treaty than promises made in councils while soldiers built forts in the background.

Red Cloud made this position known, and the U.S. government eventually concluded that the treaty had more value with Red Cloud’s signature than without it.

Which meant abandoning the forts first.