Within this framework, Indian victories are by definition temporary and anomalous.

They represent setbacks in a process whose outcome is foreordained.

The fact that Red Cloud’s War produced a formal treaty concession and the abandonment of the forts doesn’t fit well into a narrative of inevitable American triumph, because it required acknowledging that the triumph wasn’t inevitable — that it was contested, that the contest had costs, and that the costs sometimes changed the outcome.

The Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 is, paradoxically, more famous than Red Cloud’s War, even though the Little Bighorn was ultimately a Lakota defeat — the Army regrouped, the campaign was intensified, and the Lakota resistance was broken within a year.