Sometimes the outcome was an American military victory.

Sometimes, as in the Bozeman Trail conflict, it was an American political defeat.

The specific outcomes were not predetermined.

They were made by specific people making specific decisions under specific conditions.

Red Cloud made decisions — to walk out of the 1866 council, to help coordinate the resistance campaign, to refuse to sign the treaty until the forts were actually gone, to verify with his own eyes that they had been abandoned.

Those decisions, combined with the contributions of the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho allies and the many Lakota warriors who sustained the campaign, produced an outcome that the historical record correctly identifies as an extraordinary achievement.