The Little-Known Story Of Mary Kenner, The First Black American Woman To Earn Five Patents
Many of the universities with the strongest science and engineering programs explicitly excluded Black students.
The Ivy League and the major research universities of the early and mid-twentieth century were largely closed to Black applicants.
This limited the pipeline of formally trained Black scientists and engineers, which in turn limited the number of Black inventors who had access to the institutional resources — laboratories, research funding, professional networks — that could support inventive work.
The second barrier was access to capital.
Bringing an invention to market requires money.