He encountered copper and other valuable materials, but not the enormous quantities of gold and silver he wanted.

The search continued anyway.

The army moved from one Native political center to another.

The people living there paid the price for the expedition’s disappointment.

The Spanish were not satisfied with the wealth already present in Indigenous societies.

They were searching for a particular kind of imperial treasure.

That expectation shaped the violence of the journey.

THE BATTLE OF MABILA AND WHAT CAME AFTER