Those choices reflected the specific assumptions of the people making them, and those assumptions were shaped by race, gender, and the fundamental premise of American expansion that Indigenous peoples were background rather than subject.

Correcting those choices begins with telling the stories that were omitted.

It begins with treating Woman Chief not as a curiosity — not as the “Absaroka Amazon” of Denig’s culturally limited imagination — but as what she actually was: a Crow chief whose life demonstrates the specific capabilities of the specific social system that produced her, and whose death on a peace mission demonstrates the specific dangers of the world that system was trying to navigate.

The Title She Earned