The Nez Perce Chief Who Refused To Surrender 40 Miles From Canada — Then Slipped Past The Army And Escaped
The Wallowa Valley — the homeland of Joseph’s band, the place that Old Joseph told his son never to surrender — is one of the more stunning landscapes in the American West.
The Wallowa Mountains rise abruptly from the surrounding high desert, and the valley sits beneath them: a high meadow country of natural lakes, mountain streams, and grass.
Before 1877, this valley was the center of Joseph’s band’s seasonal life.
In summer, the valley’s meadows and the surrounding mountains provided pasture for the Wallowa band’s horses — one of the largest horse herds among the nimíipuu.
The lakes and streams provided fish.
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