But the losses among the nimíipuu at Big Hole were severe and irreversible.

Estimates vary across sources, but nimíipuu casualties at Big Hole were significant — including losses among women and children in the initial assault on the camp.

Among the dead were several important warriors and, in the accounts of survivors, a significant number of people who were not combatants at all.

The psychological impact was profound.

The nimíipuu had suffered losses before.

They had seen what the army was willing to do.