The Nez Perce Chief Who Refused To Surrender 40 Miles From Canada — Then Slipped Past The Army And Escaped
Then gold was discovered.
In 1860, prospectors found gold in the Clearwater country, within the 1855 reservation boundaries.
What followed was, in the pattern so familiar from American history, a wave of mining activity that the treaty’s boundaries could not contain and that the U.S. government could not or would not enforce against.
Settlers and miners moved onto nimíipuu land.
Pressure built to renegotiate the reservation boundaries and shrink them to exclude the most desirable land.
In 1863, the U.S. government negotiated what the nimíipuu who refused to sign it called the “steal treaty” — a new agreement that reduced the reservation by roughly ninety percent.
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