The Nez Perce Chief Who Refused To Surrender 40 Miles From Canada — Then Slipped Past The Army And Escaped
White Bird had already made his own decision.
The NPS memorial associated with Joseph’s speech acknowledges White Bird’s refusal directly: on that same October 5, the two remaining hereditary leaders made different choices, and the historical record contains both.
Reaching Canada: The Medicine Line
The “Medicine Line” — the 49th parallel, the international boundary between the United States and Canada — was not physically distinct from the country on either side of it.
The same rolling plains of Montana continued into the same rolling plains of what is now the province of Saskatchewan.
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