Those who escaped to Canada lived as refugees in difficult conditions, some died there, and many eventually returned to face the same restricted reservation life.

Neither decision produced safety or justice for the nimíipuu.

Both decisions reflected the choices of intelligent men in impossible situations, doing the best they could within constraints they had not made and could not remove.

White Bird In Canada: The Later Years

White Bird spent the remaining years of his life in Canada, never returning to the United States.

The specific details of his life after the flight are less thoroughly documented than the dramatic events of 1877.

Historical sources indicate that he lived among the Lakota followers of Sitting Bull near Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan for some years.