The Nez Perce Chief Who Refused To Surrender 40 Miles From Canada — Then Slipped Past The Army And Escaped
The 1855 treaty had guaranteed a large reservation; the 1863 treaty reduced it by ninety percent, and the leaders who had not signed the 1863 treaty were never compensated or heard.
Howard’s assurances that the move to Lapwai would be conducted humanely had been followed immediately by the army’s attack at White Bird Canyon.
Miles had held Joseph under a truce flag.
And now the assurances of return to Idaho were followed by Fort Leavenworth and Indian Territory.
None of this means that every individual soldier or official was acting in bad faith at every moment.
Some of the people who made promises at Bear Paw believed they were offering what they had the authority to offer.
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