The Nez Perce Chief Who Refused To Surrender 40 Miles From Canada — Then Slipped Past The Army And Escaped
The 1877 conflict did not have a single ending.
It had multiple endings, and they were different for different groups of people.
For the 418 people who surrendered with Joseph at Bear Paw, the ending — Fort Leavenworth, Indian Territory, eventual partial return — was one story.
For the approximately 300 people who reached Canada, the ending was a different story: exile, fragmentation, some deaths in Canada, gradual return of many individuals across the Medicine Line, and eventual absorption into the reservation system they had fled.
For White Bird specifically, the ending was exile in Canada until death — never returning, never surrendering, never placing himself under American authority.
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