It fundamentally misunderstood the community.

The Lumbee response at Hayes Pond was not created by the Klan.

The Klan revealed it.

The same networks that sustained community identity could mobilize quickly when threatened.

The same sense of collective belonging that fueled recognition efforts could fuel resistance to intimidation.

The Klan expected fear to travel from household to household.

Anger traveled instead.

A Civil Rights Story That Does Not Fit The Usual Template

Hayes Pond occurred during the civil rights era, but it does not fit neatly into the most familiar national narrative of that movement.

The central confrontation was between a Native community and the Klan.