Were there genetic differences between the Philistines at different cities?

Can the Shardana, if they settled in Sardinia, be identified in the genetic record of Bronze Age Sardinia?

What happened to the populations of the destroyed Bronze Age centers in Anatolia, and where did they go?

These questions are not answerable with the current data, but they are the kind of questions that the advancing state of ancient DNA research will eventually be able to address.

Alongside the DNA work, the development of increasingly precise environmental reconstruction methods — better climate models, higher-resolution paleoclimatic data — will continue to clarify the environmental context of the collapse.