That, in the long perspective of American history, is its own form of testimony.

— END OF FULL ARTICLE —

The Grant Friendship, Examined Honestly

The relationship between Ulysses Grant and Ely Parker has sometimes been reduced, in popular accounts, to either a story of pure meritocracy — the good general recognizing talent regardless of race — or a more cynical narrative about Parker as a useful token appointment.

Neither version is adequate to what the documented record shows.

Grant and Parker met as equals in Galena in the late 1850s.