It carried formal legal weight and required the formal legal standing that the government had consistently denied to Parker.

What finally opened the door was the same thing that had made the friendship possible: Grant.

By 1863, Grant’s victories in the West had transformed him into one of the most important commanders in the Union Army.

When he learned that Parker had been trying and failing to obtain a commission, he intervened directly, using his by-then considerable military and political leverage to cut through the bureaucratic tangle.

In May 1863, Ely Parker received his commission as a captain of engineers in the Union Army.