The Red Sticks were implementing, in their own way, the argument he had made: resistance is the only alternative to dispossession.

The Creek War ended badly for the Red Sticks.

General Andrew Jackson, in his most significant military campaign before New Orleans, defeated the Red Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 and imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which took 23 million acres of Creek land — including land belonging to Creeks who had fought on Jackson’s side.

The outcome demonstrated both the power of Tecumseh’s influence and the limits of his strategic vision.