The Creek were forced to cede 23 million acres of land, including large amounts of land belonging to Creeks who had fought on Jackson’s side.

The punishment was collective; the resistance of some Creeks was used to justify the dispossession of all.

This outcome is consistent with Tecumseh’s analysis of the system, even as it demonstrates the limits of resistance without coordination.

The Creek who had accommodated got the same result as the Creek who had resisted — total dispossession.

The difference was that the resisters at least acted in accordance with their analysis of the situation.

Andrew Jackson drew his own lessons from the Creek War.