Without settler violence, there is no tiny hidden Yahi group spending decades avoiding contact.

Without that violence, there is no solitary man appearing near Oroville.

Without demographic collapse, there is no “last speaker” for anthropologists to record.

Without the myth of disappearance, there is no museum spectacle built around the “last wild Indian.”

Every famous detail depends on what happened before 1911.

California’s early state history included openly violent attitudes toward Native people.

Militias carried out raids.

Native people were kidnapped and coerced into labor.

Children were separated from families.

Communities were pushed off land.