None of this establishes that Essie Dunbar was actually misdiagnosed.

It establishes that the conditions under which misdiagnosis might occur were, for a Black woman in rural South Carolina in 1915, meaningfully different from those that would apply to a white patient at a major medical center in the same period.

The Medical Definition of Death in 1915

The medical definition of death in 1915 was in some ways simpler and in some ways more uncertain than the definitions that govern contemporary medical practice.

In 1915, death was typically defined by the cessation of circulatory and respiratory function — the stopping of the heart and the stopping of breathing.