The Texas Canyon Battle Where U.S. Cavalry Captured 1,400 Native Horses — Then Destroyed About 1,000 Of Them
It was a challenge to the frameworks of understanding through which they made sense of the world.
The confidence that the canyon would protect them had been part of the decision-making process that placed families in the canyon through the summer.
Maman-ti was eventually among the Kiowa leaders identified for removal to Fort Marion in Florida after the Red River War.
He died at Fort Marion in 1875, within months of his arrival, before he could return to his people.
Horses As Wealth, Status, And Gift