Their participation in Mackenzie’s campaign was, in part, a response to their own security needs and their own history of conflict with the Comanche.

This complicates simple narratives about the Red River War as a conflict between Indigenous and non-Indigenous.

The reality was a conflict in which different Indigenous peoples made different calculations based on their different circumstances, histories, and interests.

The Significance Of What Was Stockpiled

The Palo Duro Canyon camps were not simply places where people happened to be in September 1874.

They were carefully chosen locations where families had been deliberately stockpiling resources since the summer.