The Texas Canyon Battle Where U.S. Cavalry Captured 1,400 Native Horses — Then Destroyed About 1,000 Of Them
The Sand Creek Massacre had targeted a Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho encampment.
The Battle of the Washita in 1868 — George Armstrong Custer’s attack on a Cheyenne village in Indian Territory — had killed the Southern Cheyenne leader Black Kettle, who had been among the most consistent advocates for peace with the United States.
By 1874, the Southern Cheyenne who were off-reservation — those who had joined the broader exodus to the Panhandle in the summer of 1874 — were people who had been through multiple cycles of peace negotiations, treaty violations, military attacks, and reservation pressure.
The presence of Iron Shirt of the Cheyenne at Palo Duro connects the battle to this longer history of Cheyenne-United States relations.
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