The Texas Canyon Battle Where U.S. Cavalry Captured 1,400 Native Horses — Then Destroyed About 1,000 Of Them
The role of Black military personnel in the Red River War is a dimension of the history that deserves explicit acknowledgment.
The Black Seminole Scouts were a distinct group — not Buffalo Soldiers, who were the Black troopers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments, but Black Seminole men who had their own history of resistance, displacement, and military service.
The scout Adam Paine, who was with Mackenzie at Palo Duro, was later recommended for the Medal of Honor for his service at the canyon — one of seven Medal of Honor recommendations Mackenzie made for the engagement.
Adam Paine’s service at Palo Duro is documented in the sources.
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