The long-term consequence was the end of the off-reservation life on the Southern Plains.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon did not by itself produce that outcome.

The years of commercial buffalo slaughter, the deteriorating conditions on the reservations, the multi-column Army campaign, the systematic destruction of camps wherever they were found — all of these contributed.

Palo Duro was the most effective single operation in a campaign that was already working.

But Palo Duro Canyon was the moment when the strategic logic of the Red River War was most completely expressed, and it stands as the operational answer to the question of how the Southern Plains peoples’ capacity for off-reservation resistance was destroyed.

The Geography As Evidence