Museums across the country accumulated thousands of Native American skeletal remains in their collections, available for ongoing study by physical anthropologists and other researchers.

The rationale was scientific: ancient skeletal material was an irreplaceable record of human biological history, and its study contributed to understanding of population history, health, diet, and adaptation.

What this framework largely excluded was any consideration of the views of living Indigenous peoples about what should happen to the remains of their ancestors.

Native American communities were not typically consulted when remains were excavated.

They were not offered the opportunity to repatriate remains to tribal care.