Shanidar Z — The 75,000-Year-Old Neanderthal Woman Whose Crushed Skull Was Rebuilt From More Than 200 Pieces
Most of the best-known Neanderthal sites — La Chapelle-aux-Saints, La Ferrassie, Spy, Feldhofer — are in western Europe.
The specimen that gave the species its name, the Neanderthal 1 fossil from the Neander Valley in Germany, comes from the western edge of the species’ range.
But Neanderthals occupied a vast territory, stretching from the Atlantic coast of Spain and Portugal eastward through the Middle East and into central Asia.
Shanidar, in the Zagros Mountains of what is now Iraqi Kurdistan, represents the eastern portion of that range.
This matters genetically and behaviorally.
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