If three legitimate methods can produce three measurably different faces from the same skull, then any single reconstruction is, to a significant degree, a statement about methodology as much as a statement about the ancient individual’s actual appearance.

The face you see when you look at a reconstruction depends on who made it and how — not just on the skull and genome.

The 2026 study makes this explicit and quantitative in a way that has rarely been done before.

And its authors used this finding to argue for a change in how reconstruction studies — and the museums and science communicators who present their results — communicate with the public.

Greater transparency about method is essential.