Cheddar Man’s petrous bone was intact.

The cool, stable limestone environment of Gough’s Cave had provided exceptional preservation conditions.

And the UCL/NHM team that approached the project in 2017 had access to the most sophisticated ancient DNA analysis methods available.

They drilled a two-millimeter hole into the skull to extract bone powder from the inner ear region.

The amount of material they needed was tiny — just a few milligrams of bone.

The DNA within that powder was the result of ten thousand years of preservation, and it was, by the standards of ancient DNA work, unusually well-preserved.