Within roughly a thousand years, their genetic signature became dominant across much of Europe.

In Britain, the Yamnaya-related people appear in the archaeological record associated with the Beaker culture — the makers of distinctive ceramic vessels who appeared across much of western Europe around 4,500 to 4,000 years ago.

The genetic impact of the Beaker people in Britain was dramatic.

Ancient DNA analysis has shown that within a few centuries of the Beaker people’s arrival, approximately ninety percent of the ancestry of people in Britain had shifted to reflect significant Yamnaya-related input.

The Neolithic farmers who had arrived a few thousand years earlier were themselves largely replaced.