The moccasins were perhaps the most technically informative of the burial’s associated materials.

Moccasins are culturally specific objects — the specific materials used, the construction techniques, the particular form of the finished shoe all reflect the specific tradition in which the maker was trained.

Specialists in North American footwear traditions examined the Spirit Cave moccasins and found them to be consistent with the material culture of the Great Basin region.

None of this evidence, by itself, constituted proof of cultural affiliation in the legal sense that NAGPRA required.

Material culture can travel, be adopted by different groups, and does not straightforwardly establish biological ancestry.