The date estimate of “around A.D.

400″ is preliminary and uncertain.

Without more precise dating — from coins found in the destruction layer, from detailed stratigraphy, from other datable objects in the deposit — narrowing down the specific event is not possible with the available evidence.

This uncertainty is not a failure of archaeology.

It is an honest reflection of what historical and archaeological evidence can and cannot tell us about specific events from more than 1,600 years ago.

The broad historical context establishes the plausibility of a violent attack.