How do we understand the relationship between pain relief and psychoactive use?

The pain-reinforcement cycle documented in CPL-R2a’s teeth is a specific instance of a much broader phenomenon: the use of psychoactive substances to manage pain.

The modern opioid crisis in the United States is, in some respects, a contemporary version of the same dynamic — substances used for pain relief becoming the source of addiction and harm.

The Sulawesi evidence is a reminder that this pattern is not new.

These conversations are bigger than any single study can resolve.