What Thirty-One Thousand Years Looks Like

The number 31,000 appears frequently in the coverage of this discovery, and it is worth taking a moment to make that number real rather than abstract.

Thirty-one thousand years ago, the world looked profoundly different from how it looks today.

The great ice sheets that covered northern North America and much of northern Europe were at or near their maximum extent.

The sea level was perhaps 80 to 100 meters lower than today, meaning that large areas of the world’s continental shelves were dry land: the North Sea was a vast plain, much of the Gulf of Mexico was exposed, the shelf between Alaska and Siberia was Beringia.