The institutional relationships between international and Egyptian research centers have been built.

The methodological framework for authenticating ancient Egyptian genomic data — demonstrated by the rigorous analysis of NUE001 — provides a template for future work.

The forty years of failure that preceded the NUE001 success were not wasted.

They built the field, developed the methods, and accumulated the comparison data that made the success meaningful when it finally came.

The next decade of ancient Egyptian genomics will build on the same foundation — and the windows opened by NUE001 will multiply into a panorama of the genetic history of one of humanity’s most enduring civilizations.

The tooth is in a museum in Liverpool.