They were complex, layered objects: an outer sole of bear leather, inner netting of tree bast, and an upper of deer leather, stuffed with grass for insulation.

Analysis of the design by researchers at the University of Zurich produced a striking conclusion: the shoes represented a sophisticated technological solution to the problem of keeping feet warm and dry in a cold, wet mountain environment.

A replica pair was tested and performed well even in demanding Alpine conditions.

Beyond the clothing and the axe, Ötzi carried a remarkable array of survival equipment:

A birch-bark quiver containing 14 arrow shafts, two of which were ready for use as arrows and 12 of which were unfinished.