For the adult prisoners at Fort Marion and its successors — who watched their children being taken away and saw the culture they had fought to preserve being systematically dismantled — the psychological devastation compounded the physical.

Lozen died before she could see what became of the Apache prisoner community in the decades after 1889.

But she died within this system — in a fort in a state far from home, among people who were experiencing the concentrated trauma of complete defeat and cultural dissolution.

The Apache people survived.

The prisoner community persisted, adapted, resisted where resistance was possible, preserved what could be preserved of culture and language and identity.

Eventually — in 1913, more than two decades after the surrender — the Chiricahua Apache were released from prisoner-of-war status, though many of them settled on the Mescalero Apache reservation in New Mexico rather than returning to their former homeland, which was no longer available to them.