Red Cloud’s Refusal

The negotiations that led to the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty began in the spring of that year, with representatives of the U.S.

Peace Commission meeting with various Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho leaders.

Some leaders signed the treaty fairly quickly.

The bands that had been living closer to the established treaty boundaries, that had been less directly engaged in the Bozeman Trail fighting, that had greater reason to accommodate American pressure — some of these leaders negotiated and signed.

Red Cloud did not sign.