It is therefore better to avoid claiming that one expedition single-handedly caused every later population decline.

The broader point is clear.

European contact introduced biological disruptions into Indigenous societies.

Those disruptions would become one of the most devastating aspects of colonization.

THE FAILURE OF THE GOLD DREAM

The expedition’s failure is one of history’s great ironies.

De Soto entered the Southeast expecting wealth.

He found agricultural societies instead of another Peru.