The Nez Perce Chief Who Refused To Surrender 40 Miles From Canada — Then Slipped Past The Army And Escaped
He did surrender, on October 5, 1877.
He handed his rifle to Colonel Miles.
He spoke through interpreters.
He expressed his grief and his exhaustion and the weight of the decision he was making on behalf of the people still in camp.
The emotional reality of the speech — regardless of the exact words — was genuine.
What is important to understand is that Joseph was not surrendering for the entire nimíipuu nation, and he was not surrendering on White Bird’s behalf.
He was ending the fighting for the people still with him, the people still in the Bear Paw camp.
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