This permanent uncertainty is not a reason to despair about the study of ancient history.

It is a reason to be grateful for the evidence that does survive, and careful about what it can and cannot tell us.

A Concluding Thought On Borders And Movement

The Sea Peoples are, in one sense, an ancient story about borders — about who crosses them, why, and what happens when large numbers of people try to cross simultaneously.

The Egyptian records are the perspective of a state defending its borders.

The reliefs at Medinet Habu show military victory: Egypt holds its frontier, the enemy is repulsed.