Second, Egypt’s geographic position offered a degree of natural protection that other Bronze Age civilizations lacked.

The Sinai desert to the northeast and the Libyan desert to the west created natural barriers that channeled any invasion into specific routes that could be defended.

The Nile Delta — the productive agricultural heartland of Lower Egypt — was accessible by sea, but its multiple channels and the Egyptian navy made a successful naval invasion extremely difficult.

Third, Egypt’s administrative system was more centralized and more durable than the palace economies of the Aegean and Anatolia.

The Egyptian state had been building and refining its administrative institutions for more than a thousand years by the time of the Bronze Age Collapse.