Lukka refers to Lycia in southwestern Anatolia — a region that appears consistently in Hittite and Egyptian records as a source of raiders and pirates throughout the late Bronze Age.

The Lukka were not simply a Sea Peoples group; they were a persistent source of maritime raiding in the Bronze Age Aegean and eastern Mediterranean who became associated with the larger crisis of 1200 BCE.

The Ekwesh appear in the Merneptah Stele as allies of the Libyan coalition and are proposed to be related to the Achaeans (Homer’s term for the Greeks), possibly specifically the people of Achaea in the northern Peloponnese or Achaea Phthiotis in Thessaly.

Understanding these groups as separate, with different origins and different trajectories, helps resist the temptation to treat “Sea Peoples” as a meaningful collective identity.