Parker was not the only Native American who served in the Civil War.

The conflict drew Native men from communities across the country, on both sides of the conflict, for a variety of reasons — some involving calculated political strategy about which side would better protect their community’s interests, some involving genuine ideological commitment to one side or the other, some involving economic necessity or social pressure.

The Haudenosaunee nations, which had long experience of being divided in their responses to European-American conflicts, were again divided during the Civil War.

Some Seneca men served in the Union Army.