The Black Hills — Pahá Sápa — were sacred Lakota territory, explicitly protected by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.

In 1874, a U.S.

Army expedition led by Custer himself had confirmed the presence of gold in the Black Hills.

The news triggered a gold rush.

White miners flooded in.

The U.S. government, rather than honoring its treaty obligations and removing the miners, attempted to purchase the Black Hills from the Lakota.

When Lakota leaders refused to sell — the land was sacred, the treaty was clear, and the price offered was insultingly low — the government issued an ultimatum: all Lakota must report to their reservations by January 31, 1876, or be considered hostile.

The January 31 deadline passed.